Trends and Challenges in the Classroom Implementation of Engineering Design Process (EDP): A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

The engineering design process (EDP) is a structured, iterative approach to solving problems and creating solutions. In this context, the present study describes the trends and challenges in implementing EDP in the classroom. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted based on the PRISMA protocols, with data extracted and analyzed from 31 studies published from 2020 to 2024. The findings indicate that there is continuing research on the use of EDP in STEM education, with case studies being the most commonly adopted research design. Meanwhile, implementation across grade levels in various academic subjects was observed. The EDP classroom implementation types are (1) STEM challenges, STEM projects, or context-based problem scenarios; (2) robotics and technology; (3) typical classroom activities; and (4) learning models and experience plans. Furthermore, studies have shown improvements in several skills, including creativity, problem-solving, critical thinking, collaboration, and conceptual understanding, which are identified as the top five skills enhanced by the EDP. Lastly, this SLR documented the nine (9) EDP implementation challenges, such as time constraints, resource availability, teacher expertise, and adherence to EDP. It is recommended that the interests of students should be considered in implementation, teachers' training should be conducted, and studies on EDP should continue to refine practices.